Is extracorporeal lithotripsy a first-line treatment for urinary stones today?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and complications of extracorporeal lithotripsy (SWL) as a first-line treatment for renal and ureteral stones METHODS: Retrospective and observational study of all the patients treated with lithotripsy in a third level center between January 2014 and January 2021; characteristics of the patients, the stones, complications and results of SWL is recollected. Multivariate logistic regression of the factors associated with stone size reduction was performed. A statistical analysis of the factors associated with additional treatment after SWL and factors associated with complications is also executed. RESULTS: 1727 patients are included. Stone mean size was 9,5mm. 1540 (89.4%) patients presented reduction in stone size. In multivariate analysis, stone size (OR=1.13; p=0.00), ureteral location of the lithiasis (OR=1.15; p=0.052) and number of waves (p=0.002; OR=1.00) used in SWL are the factors associated with reduction of stone size. Additional treatment after lithotripsy was needed in 665 patients (38.5%). The factors associated with the need for retreatment were stone size (OR=1.131; p=0.000), number of waves (OR=1.000; p=0.000), energy (OR=1.005; p=0.000). 153 patients (8.8%) suffered complications after SWL. A statistically significant association was found between the size of the lithiasis (p=0.024, OR=1.054) and the previous urinary diversion (P=0.004, OR=0.571). CONCLUSION: Lithotripsy remains an effective treatment as the first line of therapy for reno-ureteral lithiasis with a low percentage of complications.

Use of artificial intelligence for sepsis risk prediction after flexible ureteroscopy: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: flexible ureteroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique used for the treatment of renal lithiasis. Postoperative urosepsis is a rare but potentially fatal complication. Traditional models used to predict the risk of this condition have limited accuracy, while models based on artificial intelligence are more promising. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review regarding the use of artificial intelligence to detect the risk of sepsis in patients with renal lithiasis undergoing flexible ureteroscopy. METHODS: the literature review is in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The keyword search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus and resulted in a total of 2,496 articles, of which 2 met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: both studies used artificial intelligence models to predict the risk of sepsis after flexible uteroscopy. The first had a sample of 114 patients and was based on clinical and laboratory parameters. The second had an initial sample of 132 patients and was based on preoperative computed tomography images. Both obtained good measurements of Area Under the Curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity, demonstrating good performance. CONCLUSION: artificial intelligence provides multiple effective strategies for sepsis risk stratification in patients undergoing urological procedures for renal lithiasis, although further studies are needed.

Initial results of endourological treatment of renoureteral lithiasis by means of flexible ureteroscopy and percutaneous surgery in an outpatient procedure in a tertiary care center.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary lithiasis is a prevalent disease with a high socioeconomic impact, where endourological surgery has shown excellent results with minimal complications. For its part, outpatient surgery is an efficient, safe and quality care model. We present our experience in the outpatient endourological treatment of lithiasis and a review of the main series. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective analysis of 85 flexible or percutaneous procedures for the treatment of lithiasis, carried out in our center between January 2021 and April 2022. The main objective was to analyze the rate of unplanned admission and the success and incidence of complications as secondary objectives. The patients were selected following the inclusion criteria of the care process. RESULTS: The mean age was 56 ± 14 years. Urine culture was positive in 13.9% of the patients, 38% had a pre-surgical double-J catheter. Median stone surface was 55 mm 2 (961 ± 323 Hounsfield Units). 73 flexible and 12 percutaneous procedures were performed. 8 patients required immediate unplanned admission and another 2 during the first month. 94% were stone-free at the third month. No intraoperative complications were detected, although 16.5% of the patients presented some type of postoperative complication. CONCLUSION: In our experience, with a strict selection of patients and following a care process with multidisciplinary participation, endourological procedures are feasible and safe in the outpatient setting. Periodic monitoring of the results is essential for the sake of a constant improvement of the process.

Hepatolithiasis Classification Based on Anatomical Hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to propose a novel classification system to standardize the treatment of hepatolithiasis. METHODS: A hepatolithiasis classification named LHO was proposed to represent the distribution of stones in the segmental bile ducts and the hepatic atrophy associated with the stones (L), the existence of stones or strictures in the hilar bile duct (H), and dysfunction of the Oddi sphincter (O), which can be used to formulate ideal surgical protocols. One hundred and forty-seven primary hepatolithiasis patients treated between 2013 and 2018 were classified into different types and divided into two groups. If the patient's actual surgical procedure matched the ideal surgical protocol, the patients were included in the matching group; otherwise, patients were included in the nonmatching group. The rates of residual stones, recurrence, and a good quality of life (QOL) were analyzed among the patients in the matching and nonmatching groups and previous reports. RESULTS: According to the classification of each patient, 77.6% of the patients were included in the matching group, and 22.4% were included in the nonmatching group. The rates of residual stones, recurrence, and a good QOL were significantly better in the matching group than in the nonmatching group (9.6% vs. 27.3%; 8.0% vs. 35.0%; 89.5% vs. 65.4%); the rates of residual stones and a good QOL were also better than those in previous reports (9.6% vs. 19.1%; 89.5% vs. 61.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The LHO classification can comprehensively reflect the key points of treatment, which is beneficial for formulating effective and standardized surgical plans of hepatolithiasis.

[Living-donor kidney graft ex vivo endoscopic nephrolithotomy with flexible instrument]. / Nefrolitotomía Endoscópica ex vivo del injerto renal de donante vivo con instrumento flexible.

INTRODUCTION: The finding of an asymptomatic stone in the study of a living kidney donor does not necessarily contraindicate donation, however, there is no consensus on the management of these cases. The use of a graft with lithiasis may represent a risk of recurrence in the remaining kidney in the donor and eventual obstructive complications in the transplanted kidney. The objective of this work is to present the usefulness of ureteroscopy (URS) to resolve lithiasis ex vivo before transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Donors with a small, asymptomatic kidney stone and with an analysis of lithogenic factors without relevant findings were considered to continue in the donation process. The kidney unit with stone was selected for nephrectomy. RESULTS: Four donor kidneys underwent flexible URS after nephrectomy under hypothermic preservation conditions during bench preparation. The average time of the procedure was 35 minutes and the stone was extracted in all cases without incident. The transplant was carried out in the usual way and the evolution of the recipients was without complications and with excellent renal function. During follow-up, no recurrence of lithiasis was observed in donors or recipients. CONCLUSIONS: In this experience, the URS of the donor kidney was a feasible procedure and was not associated with adverse consequences for the graft. The main advantage of this procedure is to avoid the potential risk to the recipient of an obstructive graft complication.

Spyglass percutaneous transhepatic lithotripsy of symptomatic recurrent lithiasis of the intrahepatic bile duct with distal stenosis.

In patients with symptomatic intrahepatic biliary lithiasis, the treatment is usually discussed by a multidisciplinary team. Although hepatectomy is considered as definitive treatment, when lobar atrophy is absent, endoscopic procedures are frequently proposed as first-line treatment due the low invasiveness and for sparing liver parenchyma. Percutaneous route is used in case of peroral approach failure. We present a case of recurrent symptomatic intrahepatic biliary lithiasis of the right posterior hepatic duct, sustained by downstream biliary stenosis. Peroral cholangioscopy failed to visualize the stone for the accompanying stenosis. Thus, the patient was successfully treated with percutaneous transhepatic lithotripsy performed with Spyglass direct visualization system II (Boston Scientific Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, USA). During the procedure, the biopsy of the biliary stenosis revealed fibrosis, which was treated by cholangioplasty with cutting balloon. After 15 months, the patient is asymptomatic, with moderate residual stenosis in absence of calculi at follow-up magnetic resonance cholangiography.

Hepatolithiasis After Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Pediatric Patients: Mechanism, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis.

There is little information about the outcomes of pediatric patients with hepatolithiasis after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We retrospectively reviewed hepatolithiasis after pediatric LDLT. Between May 2001 and December 2020, 310 pediatric patients underwent LDLT with hepaticojejunostomy. Treatment for 57 patients (18%) with post-transplant biliary strictures included interventions through double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in 100 times, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in 43, surgical re-anastomosis in 4, and repeat liver transplantation in 3. The median age and interval at treatment were 12.3 years old and 2.4 years after LDLT, respectively. At the time of treatments, 23 patients (7%) had developed hepatolithiasis of whom 12 (52%) were diagnosed by computed tomography before treatment. Treatment for hepatolithiasis included intervention through DBE performed 34 times and PTBD 6, including lithotripsy by catheter 23 times, removal of plastic stent in 8, natural exclusion after balloon dilatation in 7, and impossibility of removal in 2. The incidence of recurrent hepatolithiasis was 30%. The 15-years graft survival rates in patients with and without hepatolithiasis were 91% and 89%, respectively (p = 0.860). Although hepatolithiasis after pediatric LDLT can be treated using interventions through DBE or PTBD and its long-term prognosis is good, the recurrence rate is somewhat high.

[Experience with digital peroral cholangioscopy using SpyGlass DS in different reference centers in gastroenterology and digestive endoscopy in Colombia: Case series]. / Experiencia en colangioscopia digital peroral con SpyGlass DS en diferentes centros de referencia en gastroenterología y endoscopia digestiva en Colombia: Serie de casos.

SpyGlass DS is a peroral cholangioscopy system, associated with improved image quality and configuration. Currently, there is diversity in its use and little information on its implementation, including clinical outcomes and adverse events. To describe the experience of using SpyGlass DS in several gastroenterology reference centres in Colombia, mentioning efficacy and possible adverse events. This is an observational study (case series). The main indication was choledocholithiasis (n:204), followed by biliary stricture (n:40) and pancreatolithiasis (n:16). 49.2% were male, mean age 58.6 years, clinically with predominance of abdominal pain (80.5%) and jaundice (86.1%). All cases had previous imaging (CT scan, MRI or ultrasound), 98.07% previous endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (n:255) and 75% biliary plastic stent. Laser was used in 78/220 patients and electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 142/220 patients, with single-session resolution rates of 96.15% and 95.07%, respectively. Seven cases required a second lithotripsy session and 3 patients required surgical management, one for pancreatolithiasis with basal pancreas divisum and 2 for hepatolithiasis. 40/260 patients presented with biliary stricture, 32/40 with malignant findings (cholangiocarcinoma) and 8/40 with benign pathology (primary sclerosing cholangitis, non-specific inflammatory changes) after histopathological studies. As complications, 6 cases of bacteraemia (2.5%) were recorded, being more frequent in cases of stenosis. The mean postoperative stay was 2.04 days. We concluded that the use of SpyGlass DS is feasible in our setting, being effective for diagnosis and treatment of biliary lesions, and with low risk of adverse events.

CTLA-4 Synergizes With PD1/PD-L1 in the Inhibitory Tumor Microenvironment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is highly invasive and carries high mortality due to limited therapeutic strategies. In other solid tumors, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD1), and the PD1 ligand PD-L1 has revolutionized treatment and improved outcomes. However, the relationship and clinical significance of CTLA-4 and PD-L1 expression in ICC remains to be addressed. Deciphering CTLA-4 and PD-L1 interactions in ICC enable targeted therapy for this disease. In this study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect and quantify CTLA-4, forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3), and PD-L1 in samples from 290 patients with ICC. The prognostic capabilities of CTLA-4, FOXP3, and PD-L1 expression in ICC were investigated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Independent risk factors related to ICC survival and recurrence were assessed by the Cox proportional hazards models. Here, we identified that CTLA-4+ lymphocyte density was elevated in ICC tumors compared with peritumoral hepatic tissues (P <.001), and patients with a high density of CTLA-4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILsCTLA-4 High) showed a reduced overall survival (OS) rate and increased cumulative recurrence rate compared with patients with TILsCTLA-4 Low (P <.001 and P = .024, respectively). Similarly, patients with high FOXP3+ TILs (TILsFOXP3 High) had poorer prognoses than patients with low FOXP3+ TILs (P = .021, P = .034, respectively), and the density of CTLA-4+ TILs was positively correlated with FOXP3+ TILs (Pearson r = .31, P <.001). Furthermore, patients with high PD-L1 expression in tumors (TumorPD-L1 High) and/or TILsCTLA-4 High presented worse OS and a higher recurrence rate than patients with TILsCTLA-4 LowTumorPD-L1 Low. Moreover, multiple tumors, lymph node metastasis, and high TumorPD-L1/TILsCTLA-4 were independent risk factors of cumulative recurrence and OS for patients after ICC tumor resection. Furthermore, among ICC patients, those with hepatolithiasis had a higher expression of CTLA-4 and worse OS compared with patients with HBV infection or undefined risk factors (P = .018). In conclusion, CTLA-4 is increased in TILs in ICC and has an expression profile distinct from PD1/PD-L1. TumorPD-L1/TILsCTLA-4 is a predictive factor of OS and ICC recurrence, suggesting that combined therapy targeting PD1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 may be useful in treating patients with ICC.

Rhinoliths: Analysis of 24 Interesting Forgotten Foreign Body Cases.

Rhinoliths are petrified masses formed by accumulation of endogenous or exogenous salts around a nidus. Although rarely formed by the body, the most common cause is foreign bodies forgotten in the nose at childhood. Rhinoliths are rare and have been reported as a single case report in the literature. In this study, 24 different and different cases will be analyzed. Twenty-four interesting patients who were operated for rhinolith in the otorhinolaryngology clinic between 2014 and 2019 and were not seen in the literature before were analyzed retrospectively. The characteristics of these patients such as age, sex, additional pathology, foreign body coexistence, type of anesthesia used, and previous surgical status were analyzed. Fourteen patients were male and 10 were female (58.3% male, 41.7% female). The mean age was 30.4 (minimum 2, maximum 62). Twelve of the foreign bodies were on the right and 12 on the left (50%). Foreign body localization was 13 (54.1%) between the inferior turbinate (IT) and septum and 11 (45.9%) between the middle turbinate and septum. Tissue destruction was seen in 12 (50%; 7 septum, 5 IT) patients. Fifteen patients had additional pathology (mostly septum deviation). General anesthesia was used in 14 patients and local anesthesia was used in 10 (58.3%-41.7%) patients. Two patients (n = 2) had rhinoliths due to forgotten nasal packing after surgery and forgotten silicone nasolacrimal tube after dacryocystorhinostomy surgery. Rhinoliths should be considered with unilateral malodorous runny nose and resistant sinusitis attacks. The diagnosis is rigid endoscope and computed tomography imaging. It usually occurs as a result of forgotten foreign bodies. Rhinoliths may also form as a result of forgotten tampon after previous nose or eye surgery.

[Crystalline pathologies in the human body: first steps of pathogenesis]. / Les pathologies cristallines humaines : les premières étapes de la pathogénèse.

The prevalence of crystalline pathologies including urolithiasis, gallstones, vascular calcifications and crystalline arthritis, is very high in the general population beyond 60 years old. Characterization of microcrystals in tissue at the micrometer and at the nanometer scale through physico-chemical techniques constitutes a new opportunity for the physician to decipher the early stage of the pathogenesis of these biological entities. In this review, such description indicates a wide variety of the chemical process associated to the nucleation process directly from supersaturated solution or from organic support such as DNA or elastin. We will also discuss the case of vesicles which play a major role in the case of ectopic calcification situated in kidney tissue, namely the Randall's plaque. All this research focused on the very first steps of the genesis of pathological calcifications constitute a major step to develop specific therapy able to avoid the formation of these abnormal deposits in tissues. As already underlined, crystals may be the consequence of various pathologies, but they are also involved in the dysfunction of the tissues.

Is testicular microlithiasis a really innocent condition? its effects on oncological outcomes of germ cell testicular cancer: an observational study / ¿Son las microlitiasis testicular realmente un síntoma sin transcendencia? Sus efectos en los resultados oncológicos en el cáncer de testículo: estudio observacional

OBJECTIVES: Although it is a well known condition that presence of testicular microlithiasis (TM) with the co-occurrence of specific risk factors such as history of previous germ cell testicular cancer (GCTC), infertility, undescended testes or atrophic testes have high risks for GCTC development,TM is still a controversial topic. Its effects on oncological outcomes have still not been investigated in detail. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the presence of TM has an effect on GCTC prognosis and oncological outcomes. METHODS: Seventy five patients among 93 patients who underwent radical orchidectomy between January 2010 and February 2016 were selected and divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 51 patients without TM. Group II consisted of 24 patients with TM. Each groups were compared in terms of demographic datas, prognostic risk factors, complete blood count parameters and oncological outcomes. RESULTS: During the median follow-up of 58 (1-106) months, a significantly higher local recurrence rate (54.2% vs. 3.9%, p < 0.001), distant metastasis rate (58.3% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.001) and lower cancer-spesific survival rate (45.8% vs. 94.1%, p < 0.001) were observed in patients with TM. In this group, the duration of recurrence-free survival (47.65±9.45 vs.101.96±2.80 months, p < 0.001), metastasis-free survival (49.50±8.88 vs. 100.00±3.36 months, p < 0.001) and cancer-specific survival (54.37±8.76 vs. 100.19±3.25 months, p < 0.001) were also statistically lower. In multivariate analysis, â-hCG, LDH, neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio and the presence of undescended testis were found as independent predictive factors for local recurrence, distant metastasis and cancer-specific survival. Red blood cell distribution width and the presence of testicular microlithiasis were found to be independent predictive factors for local recurrence. CONCLUSION: According to our results, bilateral TM was associated with higher rates of local recurrence, distant metastasis and cancer spesific mortality in presence of risk factors, regardless of classic or limited microlithiasis

OBJETIVO: Aunque es bien conocida la presencia de microlitiasis testiculares con el desarrollo de cáncer testicular, la infertilidad, teste no descendido o atrofia testicular, aun es un tema controvertido. Los efectos en los resultados oncológicos no han sido estudiados en detalle. En este estudio, nuestro objetivo ha sido evaluar la presencia de microlitiasis en los resultados oncológicos del cáncer de testículo. MÉTODOS: Un total de 75 pacientes fueron incluidosen el análisis de un total de 93 pacientes que recibieron una orquiectomía radical entre enero 2010 y febrero 2016. Los pacientes se dividieron en 2 grupos: I- consta de 51 pacientes sin microlitiasis, II consta de 24 pacientes con microlitiasis. Ambos grupos fueron comparados en términos de variables demográficas, factores de riesgo, analítica sanguínea y resultados oncológicos. RESULTADOS: La mediana de seguimiento fue de 59 meses (1-106). Se observó un incremento significativo de la recurrencia local (54,2% vs. 3,9%, p < 0,001), metástasis a distancia (58,3% vs. 5,9%, p < 0,001) y bajada de la supervivencia cáncer especifica (45,8% vs. 94,1%, p < 0,001) en pacientes con microlitiasis. En este grupo, la duración de la superviviencia libre de recurrencia (47,65 ± 9,45 vs.101,96 ± 2,80 meses, p < 0,001), supervivencia libre de metástasis (49,50 ± 8,88 vs. 100,00 ± 3,36 meses, p < 0,001) y supervivencia cáncer especifica (54,37±8,76 vs.100,19 ±3, 25 meses, p < 0,001) fueron también menores. Al estudio multivariado, Beta-hCG, LDH, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte y la presencia de testes no descendido fueron factores independientes predictores de recurrencia local, metástasis a distancia y supervivencia cáncer-especifica. La distribución de los hematíes y la presencia de microlitiasis fueron factores independientes de recurrencia local. CONCLUSIONES: Las microlitiasis bilaterales se asocian a mayor tasa de recurrencia local, metástasis a distancia y supervivencia cáncer especifica, independientemente de su tamaño

One-Step Multichannel Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangioscopic Lithotripsy Applied in Bilateral Hepatolithiasis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of one-step multichannel percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCSL) with traditional PTCSL in the treatment of bilateral hepatolithiasis. METHODS: From February 2011 to June 2015, 156 patients with bilateral hepatolithiasis received surgical treatment in our department. Among these patients, 81 received one-step multichannel PTCSL (group A), and the remaining 75 received traditional PTCSL (group B). RESULTS: Compared with group B, group A was characterized by a significantly shorter operation time (83.7 ± 28.5 min vs 118.1 ± 41.5 min; P = 0.000), hospital stay (11.1 ± 3.4 d vs 17.8 ± 5.6 d; P = 0.034), and postoperative hospital stay (6.9 ± 3.1 d vs 9.6 ± 4.5 d; P = 0.026). In addition, the immediate clearance (62.9% vs 45.3%, P = 0.027) and final clearance (90.1% vs 78.7%, P = 0.048) rates were higher in group A than in group B. During the follow-up period, stone recurrence was significantly less common in group A than in group B (13.6% vs 26.7%, P = 0.041). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that the PTCSL method (HR = 2.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-4.90, P = 0.028), bilateral biliary stricture (HR = 4.17, 95% CI = 1.73-10.03, P = 0.001), and stones located in segments I (HR = 7.75, 95% CI = 3.67-16.38, P = 0.000) were independent predictors of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with traditional PTCSL, one-step multichannel PTCSL was more efficient and effective in the treatment of bilateral hepatolithiasis.

A nose out of joint: first reported case of prison-acquired marijuana-based rhinolith.

Rhinoliths are calcareous concretions of the nasal cavity formed around a nidus that may be endogenous (eg, dislodged tooth) or an exogenous foreign body (eg, plastic bead inserted by a child). Rhinoliths are often found incidentally on endoscopy or imaging to assess for other pathologies. The incidence is estimated to be 1 in 10 000 of all otolaryngology outpatient presentations, but this is likely to be an underestimate due to the often asymptomatic nature of this condition. We describe the unique case of a rhinolith that developed from a marijuana-filled balloon that the patient attempted to smuggle into a correctional facility. After inserting the package into his nostril, the patient then mistakenly believed it had been accidentally swallowed. Despite experiencing persistent symptoms of nasal obstruction and recurrent sinonasal infections, the marijuana package was only discovered 18 years after insertion following imaging for an unrelated indication.

Litiasis por 2,8-dihidroxiadenina, utilidad del estudio genético / Litiasis due to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, usefulness of the genetic study

No disponible

Giant 'staghorn' rhinolith in a 15-year-old girl.

We describe a case of a 15-year-old girl who presented to our clinic with long-standing right-sided rhinorrhoea which was occasionally foul-smelling and blood-stained with no other symptom of note. She had been treated many times with antibiotics. On examination, a rhinolith was discovered impacted posteriorly in right nasal cavity with mucopurulent discharge. Plain X-ray and later CT scan of paranasal sinuses confirmed the diagnosis but it was found to be large in size with irregular shape like a 'staghorn'. It was removed under general anaesthesia and she recovered uneventfully. We also describe the review of literature.

Minimally invasive approach for the management of urological complications after renal transplantation: single center experience.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to characterise urological complications after renal transplantation and to evaluate the role of minimally invasive management for urological complications. METHODS: A total of 920 kidney transplantations were performed between 2008 and 2015. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year after transplantation. Complications regarded as urological were urinary leakage, ureteral stricture, urinary malignancy, bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and urinary calculi. We evaluated data from the time of occurrence of urological complications and the type of the management prescribed. RESULTS: Among 920 transplantations performed in our clinic, 41 (4.4%) urological complications arose. Twenty (48.8%) of the complications occurred during the first 3 months and 21 (51.2%) occurred after 3 months, postoperatively. Ureteral strictures were found in 14 (34.1%) patients, urinary tract stones in seven (17%), BOO in 6 (14.6%) and urinary leakage was observed in 5 (12.1%) patients. Ureteral stricture was managed with endoscopic approach in eight (61.3%) patients. Urinary tract stones and urinary leakage were managed in 7 (100%) and 4 (75%) patients with endoscopic approach. Overall 29 (70.7%) of 41 urological complications were managed with endourological approaches. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that the importance of open surgery could decrease in the future. Endoscopic management of urological complications have come to have an important role in the treatment of urological complications after transplantation.

Giant vesical lithiasis, complication of enterocystoplasty: case report.

Frequent and recurrent pathology, bladder stone is a constant complication in enterocystoplasty enlargement. The occurrence of this lithiasis is due to some factors such as urinary tract infections, mucus secretion by the intestine segment moved, poor urinary emptying and foreign bodies (sutures, staples) intra-vesical. Clinical signs are not specific. However the formation of giant lithiases remains exceptional. Some cases have been documented in the literature. The occurrence of this affection must be prevented by dietary measures and regular follow up. New therapies for the control of mucus in the bladder tank have been emerged. Open surgical remains the most common. Today, One port trocar endoscopy enables to handle and extracted lithiases of every size.